Constipation in Cats

Constipation in cats is a common but often overlooked issue that can lead to significant discomfort and health problems if not addressed promptly. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for constipation in cats is crucial for ensuring their well-being.

 

What is Constipation?

Constipation in cats is an abnormal accumulation of feces in the colon, leading to difficult bowel movements. This condition results in a reduced frequency or complete absence of defecation. The colon, or large intestine, is responsible for absorbing water from the feces. When feces are retained in the colon for too long, they become hard and dry, making them even more difficult to pass. Constipated cats often strain to defecate, which can cause abdominal pain. Some constipated cats may pass small amounts of liquid feces or blood due to excessive straining. This liquid feces can be mistaken for diarrhea, but it is actually a small amount of liquid fecal material that squeezes around the hard fecal mass during straining.

 

What Causes Constipation in Cats?

Constipation in cats can be caused by a variety of factors, ranging from dietary issues to underlying medical conditions. Here are some common causes:

1. Dehydration

If a cat doesn't drink enough water, it can lead to hard, dry stools that are difficult to pass. This is a common cause of constipation.

2. Dietary Issues

Cats that consume a diet lacking in fiber may have irregular bowel movements. Fiber helps to bulk up and soften stools. Especially in long-haired breeds, excessive grooming can lead to hairballs, which can cause blockages and constipation. If the constipation is caused by hair ball blockage, you can take some hair ball dissolving cream or hair ball dissolving tablets.

3. Obesity

Overweight cats may have difficulty moving around, which can slow down their digestive system and lead to constipation.

4. Medical Conditions

This condition involves an abnormally enlarged colon that loses its ability to contract, making it difficult for stools to pass. Foreign objects, tumors, or strictures in the intestines can block the passage of stools. Issues with the spinal cord or nerves can affect the muscles involved in defecation. Although this condition usually causes diarrhea, it can sometimes lead to constipation.

5. Litter Box Issues

Cats are clean animals and may avoid using a dirty litter box, leading to infrequent bowel movements. If the litter box is in a noisy or stressful location, a cat may avoid it.

6. Stress and Anxiety

Changes such as moving to a new home, the introduction of new pets, or significant changes in the household can cause stress and lead to constipation. Even minor changes in daily routines can be stressful for some cats, affecting their bowel movements.

7. Lack of Exercise

Cats that do not get enough physical activity may experience slower bowel movements, leading to constipation.

8. Medications

Certain medications, such as pain relievers, antihistamines, or diuretics, can cause constipation as a side effect.

 

What is Megacolon?

Megacolon is a condition in cats where the colon becomes dilated and weak, leading to severe constipation. In this state, the colon's muscles are unable to effectively propel fecal matter out of the body. This failure can be due to neurological issues, problems with the colon's muscle lining, or both.

Megacolon can be a primary condition or develop as a secondary condition due to long-term constipation. When fecal material accumulates and distends the colon over time, the colon's ability to contract and move the feces is significantly reduced or lost. This leads to an abnormally enlarged colon filled with fecal matter, causing severe constipation and further health complications.

 

Signs of Constipation in Cats

Constipation in cats can lead to a variety of symptoms that indicate discomfort and potential health issues. Recognizing these signs early can help you take appropriate action to alleviate your cat's distress.

Little to No Fecal Production

Constipated cats often strain to defecate but produce little to no feces. This straining is typically a sign of pain or discomfort.

Frequent Visits to the Litter Box

Cats with constipation may frequently visit the litter box with an urgent need to have a bowel movement, but often without success.

Vomiting

Cats may vomit due to a feeling of fullness from the accumulated feces in their digestive tract. Additionally, nausea caused by an upset stomach or abdominal pain can lead to vomiting.

Decreased Appetite

Constipation can cause significant discomfort and nausea, resulting in a reduced appetite. Cats may refuse to eat as a way to indicate they are not feeling well.

Abdominal Pain

The buildup of stool, gas, and distension in the intestines causes abdominal pain. In severe cases, constipation can lead to an intestinal blockage, which is particularly painful.

Decreased Energy

Abdominal pain and discomfort from gas can lead to lethargy and reduced activity levels in cats.

Decreased Interest in Interacting with Family

Cats experiencing constipation may become less interested in interacting with family members. They often isolate themselves to cope with their discomfort and signal that they are unwell.

 

How Are Constipation and Megacolon Diagnosed?

Diagnosing constipation and megacolon in cats typically involves a combination of observing clinical signs, taking a detailed medical history, and conducting physical and diagnostic tests.

Clinical Signs and Medical History

A diagnosis of constipation can often be made based on the cat's clinical signs and medical history. Affected cats usually strain unsuccessfully to defecate and may cry out in pain. Any feces that are passed tend to be hard and dry. Additional signs include lethargy, reluctance to eat, abdominal pain and distension, and vomiting.

Physical Examination

During a physical examination, a veterinarian may palpate (feel) the cat's abdomen to detect accumulated fecal material in the colon. This is often possible unless the cat is obese or very tense.

Diagnostic Tests

Further tests may be required to determine the cause of the constipation and to diagnose megacolon:

• Radiographs (X-rays): Abdominal and pelvic X-rays are essential to check for pelvic injuries, colonic strictures (narrowing of the exit passage), or tumors. Radiographs are also the primary test for diagnosing megacolon, as they can clearly show the distended colon filled with fecal material.
• Bloodwork and Urine Tests: These tests help identify underlying disease conditions that may contribute to constipation, such as kidney disease, diabetes, or electrolyte imbalances.

If your cat is experiencing mild constipation, there are several natural remedies that can help alleviate the condition. Here are some effective methods to try at home:

1. Hydration

Ensure your cat always has access to fresh, clean water. Encourage drinking by placing multiple water bowls around the house. Incorporate wet cat food into your cat's diet to increase their water intake.

2. Dietary Fiber

Canned pumpkin (plain, without added sugar or spices) is a great source of fiber. Add a small amount to your cat’s food to help bulk up and soften their stools.

A natural fiber supplement, psyllium husk can be added to your cat’s food in small amounts. Consult your veterinarian for the appropriate dosage.

3. Probiotics

Probiotics can help maintain a healthy balance of gut bacteria, which can improve digestion and prevent constipation. Consult your veterinarian for suitable probiotic supplements for your cat.

 

How Can Constipation and Megacolon Be Treated?

Treatment for constipation and megacolon in cats varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Here are the common approaches:

Initial Treatment

If an obstruction, such as a colonic tumor, is detected, surgery may be necessary to remove it. For general cases of constipation, initial treatment often involves enemas and manual extraction of feces by a veterinarian. This procedure usually requires the use of an anesthetic or sedative to ensure the cat's comfort and safety. Intravenous fluid therapy is typically administered to correct dehydration and fluid imbalances, which can exacerbate constipation.

Long-term Management

If constipation recurs or becomes chronic, long-term management strategies are needed. These may include dietary changes and medications to prevent future episodes:

• High Fiber Diets: Feeding a diet high in fiber can help promote regular bowel movements by softening the stool.
• Lubricating Laxatives: These products help ease the passage of feces through the colon.
• Stool Softeners: Medications that soften the stool can prevent it from becoming hard and dry.
• Drugs to Stimulate Colon Contraction: For more severe cases, medications that stimulate the colon to contract and move feces along may be required. The dosage of these drugs is adjusted to achieve the desired effect, ideally resulting in the cat defecating at least once every other day.

 

Recovery and Management of Cat Constipation

Once the hard stool is removed, cats usually recover quickly, but addressing the underlying cause is crucial to prevent recurrence. This may involve treating a specific health issue or making lifestyle changes. Following your veterinarian's instructions is essential, as food changes or medications often need to be continued long-term. Even if your cat shows signs of improvement, it's important not to discontinue treatment without consulting your vet.

Long-term management involves ongoing dietary adjustments, such as providing a high-fiber or prescription diet, ensuring adequate hydration, and using laxatives or stool softeners as recommended. Regular veterinary check-ups are also crucial to monitor your cat's condition and adjust the treatment plan as needed. By adhering to these guidelines and working closely with your veterinarian, you can effectively manage and prevent constipation in your cat, ensuring their continued health and comfort.